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In the early 19th century crop failures (wet weather) forced a study of how to replace meat in the diet. The need for dietary protein was recognized by this time, and by the 1860's in England the first government dietary standard was established on the basis of experimental observation for energy and protein requirements (3000 Cal and 80 g, respectively).
Explore: History -- The cotton famine was caused by the loss of raw materials for the Lancashire cotton mills during the Civil War in the United States, a major cotton-producing nation. Mill workers were laid off, and they tended to starve. Note 2 in this section of a British document on poor law statistics refers to it.