References

Bartlett CS. Clinical update: gunshot wound ballistics. Clin Orthop. 2003;(408):28-57.

Andrasko J, Maehly AC: Detection of gunshot residues on hands by scanning electron microscopy. J Forensic Sci 1977;22:279-287.

Belkin M: Wound ballistics. Prog Surg 1978;16:7-24.

Booker JL: The classification of jacketed sporting rifle bullets. J Forensic Sci 1980;25:786-795.

Brown H, Cauchi DM, Holden JL, Wrobel H, Cordner S. Image analysis of gunshot residue on entry wounds. I--The technique and preliminary study. Forensic Sci Int 1999 Mar 29;100(3):163-177.

Centers for Disease Control. Rates of homicide, suicide, and firearm-related death among children--26 industrialized countries. MMWR. 1997;46:101-105.

Centers for Disease Control. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol 52, No. 21, June 2, 2004.

Centers for Disease Control. Surveillance for fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries--United States, 1993-1998. MMWR. 2001;50(SS-2):1-34.

Chapdelaine A, Maurice P. Firearms injury prevention and gun control in Canada. Can Med Assoc J. 1996;155:1285-1289.

Chapman AJ, McClain J: Wandering missiles: autopsy study. J Trauma 1984;24:634-637.

Chau TT, Chen WY, Hsiao TM, Liu HW. Chronic lead intoxication at an indoor firing range in Taiwan. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33:371-372.

Choi E, Donoghue ER, Lifschultz BD. Deaths due to firearms injuries in children. J Forensic Sci. 1994;39:685-692.

Courtney A, Courtney M. Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Inj. 2007;21(7):657-62.

Denton JS, Segovia A, Filkins JA. Practical pathology of gunshot wounds. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:1283-1289.

Folio L, McHugh C, Hoffman MJ. The even-number guide and imaging ballistic injuries. Radiol Technol. 2007;78:197-203.

Freed LH, Vernick JS, Hargarten SW. Prevention of firearm-related injuries and deaths among youth. A product-oriented approach. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1998;45:427-438.

Cohle SD, Pickelman J, Connolly JT, Bauserman SC: Suicide by air rifle and shotgun. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:1113-1117.

Conradi SE: New aluminum-jacketed ammunition: the case of the "invisible" jacket. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1982;3:153-155.

Dahlberg LL, Ikeda RM, Kresnow MJ. Guns in the home and risk of a violent death in the home: findings from a national study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:929-936.

DeMuth WE, Nicholas GG, Munger BL: Buckshot wounds. J Trauma 1976;18:53-57.

DiMaio VJ: Homicidal death by air rifle. J Trauma 1975;15:1034.

DiMaio VJ, Zumwalt RE: Rifle wounds from high-velocity, center-fire hunting ammunition. J Forensic Sci 1977;22:132-140.

DiMaio VJ, Dana SE, Taylor WE, Ondrusek J: Use of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) in identification of foreign material on bullets. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:38-47.

Dixon DS: Characteristics of shored exit wounds. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:691-698.

Dixon DS: "Foreshoring": characteristics of shored entry wounds and corresponding wounds with shoring material as an intermediate target.
J Forensic Sci 1980;25:750-759.

Dixon DS: Keyhole lesions in gunshot wounds of the skull and direction of fire. J Forensic Sci 1982;27:555-566.

Dixon DS: Determination of direction of fire from graze gunshot wounds of internal organs. J Forensic Sci 1984a;29:331-335.

Dixon DS: Exit keyhole lesion and direction of fire in a gunshot wound of the skull. J Forensic Sci 1984b;29:336-339.

Fackler ML: Civilian gunshot wounds and ballistics: dispelling the myths. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1998;16:17-28.

Fischbeck HJ, Ryan SR, Snow CC: Detection of bullet residue in bone using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). J Forensic Sci 1986;31:79-85.

Fischbein A, Rice C, Sarkozi L, et al: Exposure to lead in firing ranges. JAMA 1979;241:1141-1144.

Gestring ML, Geller ER, Akkad N, Bongiovanni PJ. Shotgun slug injuries: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 1996;40:650-653.

Given BW: Latent fingerprints on cartridges and expended cartridge casings. J Forensic Sci 1976;21:587-594.

Goleb JA, Midkiff CR: Firearms discharge residue sample collection techniques. J Forensic Sci 1975;20:701-707.

Grocock C, McCarthy R, Williams DJ. Ball bearing (BB) guns, ease of purchase and potential for significant injury. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;88:402-404.

Grove CA, Judd G, Horn R: Examination of firing pin impressions by scanning electron microscopy. J Forensic Sci 1972;17:645-658.

Haney MA, Gallagher JF: Differentiation of bullets by spark source mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 1975;20:484-500.

Harcke HT, Levy AD, Getz JM, Robinson SR. MDCT analysis of projectile injury in forensic investigation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(2):W106-11.

Hardy DR, Chera JJ: Differentiation between single-base and double-base gunpowders. J Forensic Sci 1979;24:618-626.

Harris W, Luterman A, Curreri PW: BB and pellet guns--toys or deadly weapons? J Tramua 1983;23:566-569.

Harrison HC, Gilroy R: Firearm discharge residues. J Forensic Sci 1959;4:184-199.

Harruff RC. So-called accidental firearm fatalities in children and teenagers in Tennessee, 1961-1988.

Heimann K, Lemmen KD: Perforating eye injuries with multiple intraocular foreign bodies following military maneuver accidents. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1986;188:221-224.

Hemenway D, Miller M: Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high-income countries. J Trauma 2000;49:985-988.

Hepburn L, Azrael D, Miller M, Hemenway D. The effect of child access prevention laws on unintentional child firearm fatalities, 1979-2000. J Trauma. 2006;61:423-428.

Hudson P: Multishot firearm suicide. Examination of 58 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1981;2:239-242.

Huiras CM, Cogbill TH, Strutt PJ. Hunting-related injuries. Wis Med J. 1990;89:573-576.

Izak-Biran T, Guinn VP, Purcell MA: Detailed study of the removal of copper jackets from jacketed bullets. J Forensic Sci 1980;25:374-379.

Joling RJ: An overview of firearms identification evidence for attorneys: I: salient features of firearms evidence. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:153-158.

Joling RJ, Stern WW: An overview of firearms identification evidence for attorneys. II: applicable law of recent origin. J Forensic Sci 1981a;26:159-165.

Joling RJ, Stern WW: An overview of firearms identification evidence for attorneys. III: qualifying and using the firearms examiner as a witness. J Forensic Sci 1981b;26:166-170.

Joling RJ, Stern WW: An overview of firearms identification evidence for attorneys. IV: practice and procedures when using the firearms examiner and demonstrative evidence. J Forensic Sci 1981c;26:171-175.

Kaplan MS, Geling O. Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: regional variations and patterns of gun ownership. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46:1227-1233.

Karger B. Penetrating gunshots to the head and lack of immediate incapacitation. I. Wound ballistics and mechanisms of incapacitation. Int J Legal Med. 1995;108:53-61.

Karger B, Teige K. Fatalities from black powder percussion handguns. J Forensic Sci. 1998;21:143-149.

Karger B, Teige K, Brinkmann B. [2 suicides with self-fabricated gunshot devices: technical forensic and morphologic ballistic characteristics]. Arch Kriminol 1995;195:147-52.

Karger B, Knewbuehl BP. On the physics of momentum in ballistics: can the human body be displaced or knocked down by a small arms projectile? Int J Legal Med. 1996;109:147-149.

Kellerman AL, Somes G, Rivara FP, Lee RK, Banton JG. Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home. J Trauma. 1998;45:263-267.

Kijewski H, Jakel M: Quantity of weapon oils at the target as a function of shooting sequence and firing distance. Z Rechtsmed 1986;97:111-116.

Kilty JW: Activity after shooting and its effect on the retention of primer residue. J Forensic Sci. 1975;20:219-230.

Kohlmeier RE, McMahan CA, DiMaio VJM. Suicide by firearms. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2001;22:337-340.

Krishnan SS: Firing distance determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Forensic Sci 1974b;19:351-356.

Krishnan SS: Detection of gunshot residue on the hands by neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption analysis. J Forensic Sci 1974a;19:789-797.

Krug EG, Powell KE, Dahlberg LL: Firearm-related death in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle-income countries. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:214-221.

Labowitz DI, Menzies RC, Scroggie RJ: Characteristics and wounding effects of a black powder handgun. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:288-301.

Lee C: The detection of iron traces on hands by ferrozine sprays: a report on the sensitivity and interference of the method and recommended procedure in forensic science investigation. J Forensic Sci 1986;31:920-930.

Lekstrom JA, Koons RD: Copper and nickel detection on gunshot targets by dithiooxamide test. J Forensic Sci 1986;31:1283-1291.

Lesce T: Gunfighting tactics. Survival Guide 1984;6:28-31.

Ludwig J, Cook PJ: Homicide and suicide rates associated with implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. JAMA 2000;284:585-591.

Maloney RS, Thornton JI: Color tests for diphenylamine stabilizer and related compounds in smokeless gunpowder. J Forensic Sci 1982;27:318-329.

Manton WI, Thal ER: Lead poisoning from retained missiles. An experimental study. Ann Surg 1986;204:594-599.

Mattoo BN, Wani AK, Asgekar MD: Casualty criteria for wounds from firearms with special reference to shot penetration--Part II. J Forensic Sci 1974;19:585-589.

Menzies RC, Scroggie RJ, Labowitz DI: Characteristics of silenced firearms and their wounding effects. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:239-262.

Messler HR, Armstrong WR: Bullet residue as distinguished from powder pattern. J Forensic Sci 1978;23:687-692.

Metress EK, Metress SP: The anatomy of plastic bullet damage and crowd control. Int J Health Serv 1987;17:333-342.

Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D, Vriniotis M: Firearm storage practices and rates of unintentional firearm deaths in the United States. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:661-667.

Mock C, Pilcher S, Maier R. Comparison of the costs of acute treatment for gunshot and stab wounds. J Trauma. 1994;36:516-521.

Morrow PL, Hudson P: Accidental firearm fatalities in North Carolina. 1976-80. Am J Public Health. 1986;76:1120-1123.

Nelson CL, Winston DC. A new type of shotgun ammunition produces unique wound characteristics. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:195-198.

Nesbitt RS, Wessel JE, Jones PF: Detection of gunshot residue by use of the scanning electron microscope. J Forensic Sci. 1976;21:595-610.

Norton LE, DiMaio VJM, Gilchrist TF: Iron staining of the hands in suicides with firearms. J Forensic Sci. 1979;24:608-609.

Ornehult L, Eriksson A: Accidental firearm fatalities during hunting. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987;8:112-119.

Patterson PJ, Smith LR: Firearms in the home and child safety. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:221-223.

Perdekamp MG, Vennemann B, Mattern D, Serr A, Pollak A. Tissue defect at the gunshot entrance wound: what happens to the skin? Int J Legal Med. 2005;119:217-222.

Perdekamp MG, Kneubuehl BP, Serr A, Vennemann B, Pollak S. Gunshot-related transport of micro-organisms from the skin of the entrance region into the bullet path. Int J Legal Med. 2006;120:257-264.

Peters CE, Sebourn CL, Crowder HL. Wound ballistics of unstable projectiles. Part I: projectile yaw growth and retardation. J Trauma. 1996;40(3 Suppl):S10-S15.

Peters CE, Sebourn CL. Wound ballistics of unstable projectiles. Part II: temporary cavity formation and tissue damage. J Trauma. 1996;40(3 Suppl):S16-S21.

Petty CS: Firearms injury research. The role of the practicing pathologist. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;52:277-288.

Polk DE, Giessen BC: A new serial number marking system applicable to firearms identification. J Forensic Sci 1975;20:501-506.

Price JH, Merrill EA, Clause ME. The depiction of guns on prime time television. J Sch Health. 1992;62:15-18.

Ragsdale BD: Gunshot wounds: a historical perspective. Milit Med 1984;149:301-315.

Rothman EF, Hemenway D, Miller M, Azrael D. Batterers' use of guns to threaten intimate partners. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2005;60:62-68.

Rudzitis E, Wahlgren M: Firearm residue detection by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Forensic Sci 1975;20:119-124.

Russell MA, Atkinson RD, Klatt EC, Noguchi TT. Safety in bullet recovery procedures: a study of the Black Talon bullet. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995;16:120-123.

Rutty GN, Boyce P, Robinson CE, Jeffery AJ, Morgan B. The role of computed tomography in terminal ballistic analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2007 Jan 5; [Epub ahead of print].

Santucci RA, Chang Y-J. Ballistics for physicians: myths about wound ballistics and gunshot injuries. J Urol 2004;171:1408-1414.

Schyma C, Placidi P. The accelerated polyvinyl-alcohol method for GSR collection--PVAL 2.0. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:1303-1306.

Sexton JS, Hennigar GR: Determining sequence of fire in gunshot wounds: two case reports. J Forensic Sci 1979:24:610-617.

Simmilink JW, Robinson EM, Staikoff LS: Identification of bullet particles in bone fragments by electron beam X-ray microanalysis. J Forensic Sci 1981;26:686-690.

Simpson BM, Wilson RH, Grant RE. Antibiotic therapy in gunshot wound injuries. Clin Orthop 2003;(408):82-5.

Speak RD, Kerr FC, Rowe WF: Effects of range, caliber, barrel length, and rifling on pellet patterns produced by shotshell ammunition. J Forensic Sci 1985;30:412-419.

Spitz WU, Fisher RS, Medicolegal Investigation of Death, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1973.

Stahl CJ, Jones SR, Johnson FB, Luke JL: The effect of glass as an intermediate target on bullets: experimental studies and report of a case. J Forensic Sci 1979;24:6-17.

Stevens JM, Messler H: Ferrous metal detection. J Forensic Sci 1974;19:496- 503.

Stone IC: Observations and statistics relating to suicide weapons. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:711-716.

Stone IC, Petty CS: Examination of gunshot residues. J Forensic Sci 1974;19:784-788.

Tschirhart DL, Noguchi TT, Klatt ECA. Simple histochemical technique for the identification of gunshot residue. J Forensic Sci. 1991;36:543Ð547.

Tugcu H, Yorulmaz C, Karslioglu Y, Uner HB, Koc S, Ozdemir C, Ozaslan A, Celasun B. Image analysis as an adjunct to sodium rhodizonate test in the evaluation of gunshot residues: an experimental study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006;27:296-299.

Tassa M, Adan N, Zeldes N, Leist Y: A field kit for sampling gunshot residue particles. J Forensic Sci 1982a;27:671-676.

Tassa M, Leist Y, Steinberg M: Characterization of gunshot residue by X-ray diffraction. J Forensic Sci 1982b;27:677-683.

Thornton JI: Close proximity gunshot residues. J Forensic Sci 1986;31:756-757.

Thornton JI, Crim D, Cashman PJ: The effect of tempered glass on bullet trajectory. J Forensic Sci 1986;31:743-746.

Tillman WL: Automated gunshot residue particle search and characterization. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:62-71.

Torre C, Varetto L, Ricchiardi P: New observations on cutaneous firearm wounds. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1986;7:186-191.

Volgas DA, Stannard JP, Alonso JE. Ballistics: a primer for the surgeon. Injury. 2005;36:373-379.

Wahl P, Schreyer N, Yersin B. Injury pattern of the Flash-Ball, a less-lethal weapon used for law enforcement: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2006;31:325-330.

Wanamaker WM: Firearm recoil palsy. Arch Neurol 1974;31:208-209.

Wilson JM: Wound ballistics. West J Med 1977;127:49-54.

Wilson JM: Shotgun ballistics and shotgun injuries. West J Med 1978;129:149-155.

Zaleski N: Stopping power vs. too much stopping power. Guns & Ammo 1982 Annual, pp 60-62.

Zeichner A, Levin N, Dvorachek M. Gunshot residue particles formed by using ammunitions that have mercury fulminate based primers. J Forensic Sci. 1992;37:1567-1573.