Notes

Outline

SAVING SCIENCE, SAVING LIVES Why Choices You Make When Publishing Matter

SCIENCE AND . . . “. . . much of the power of science . . . derives from the steadfast commitment to free and unfettered communication of information and knowledge.  . . .

TECHNOLOGY . . . Information technology is of truly enormous importance to the research community, and hence to all humanity, precisely because it has the potential to enhance communication of information and knowledge within that community by orders of magnitude.” Donald N. Langenberg, 1989

COPYRIGHT IS KEY Exclusive transfer of copyright allows the current system to exist Judicious assignment of copyright by authors can help change the system

OPEN ACCESS Works for which the author expects no payment Available on the public internet free to the user Permits users to make broad use of the works Authors retain the right to control the integrity and proper citation of their work

OVERVIEW Evolution of Open Access The Resistance Community Response Individual Action

BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS Growing interest in open access Intensive computer users Datasharing a community norm Working in interdisciplinary areas Want to search across disciplines Want sophisticated searching and manipulation Want ready access to data, image files, simulations

ISSUES WITH CURRENT SYSTEM Decentralized Proprietary Search citations and abstracts only Reference linking useful, but not sufficient Archives of publicly funded research shouldn’t be privately owned

NIH’S FIRST ATTEMPT Proposed by Harold Varmus, then Director of NIH, May 1999, as E-biomed Intended to include both peer-reviewed and “screened” pre-prints Authors would submit their works directly to the central server Copyright would be retained by the authors Users could download and reproduce

OBJECTIONS Dangerous to have works that have not been peer-reviewed on a publicly accessible site Would destroy current system Government takeover of private enterprise Dangerous to have government control of information No need for a centralized service

PubMed Central

PUBLIC LIBRARY OF SCIENCE

PLoS POST SEPTEMBER 1 Now over 30,000 signatures from 177 countries Publishers noticed little change in author behavior PLoS will start new non-profit publisher $9m grant from Moore Foundation 2 journals in medicine and biology to launch in 2003 Content will be freely available at time of publication Costs will be paid through authors’ fees (@$1500) Authors will retain copyright http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/

WHY SUCH RESISTANCE? STM Publishing is a lucrative business Exane:  “Science: the perfect business?” Free content Immense pricing power Leadership premium

Slide 15

COMMERCIALIZATION

AVERAGE JOURNAL PRICES

Slide 18

DRIVE TO ACQUIRE MORE CONTENT 1998 2000 2002 Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Churchill Livingston Elsevier Candover & Cinven* Elsevier Harcourt            Kluwer Academic Harcourt            Churchill Livingston Elsevier Karger           Mosby       Harcourt Mosby Karger       Churchill Livingston Plenum Springer       Mosby Springer Taylor & Francis Karger Taylor & Francis Wiley Springer Thomson Wolters Kluwer Taylor & Francis Waverly           Waverly Wiley Wiley          Thomson Science Wolters Kluwer Wolters Kluwer           Plenum       Health Sciences

Slide 20

Slide 21

EXTENDING PROTECTION Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (1998) Added 20 years to term of copyright Upheld by the Supreme Court early 2003 Database Legislation protection for factual and public domain information not protected by copyright New form of intellectual property law

EXERTING CONTROL Licensing of electronic content Libraries no longer “own” copies of resources Licenses dictate who can access the resource and how they can use it Content is often bundled w/ multi-year agreements that make it difficult to cancel UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act) Would legalize mass-market licenses

TECHNOLOGICAL CONTROLS Anti-circumvention measures of the DMCA Allows publishers to use technology to control access to works Technological controls (DRM’S) can simultaneously control access AND USE, jeopardizing fair use, preservation, ILL

Slide 25

THE IMPACT AT UTAH Utah Health Sciences Library (1985/86-2000/01) Spending on serials increased 314% Number of serials purchased increased 47% Spending on monographs decreased 5% University of Utah (1987/88-2000/01) Spending on serials increased 288% Number of serials purchased increased 185% Spending on monographs increased 40%

IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS Fewer and fewer researchers, clinicians, and students have less and less access to a decreasing proportion of the literature Long-term access in an electronic environment controlled by the publisher is dangerous Access = $$$$$$$

BUT IS IT LIFE-THREATENING? Johns Hopkins University case Importance of information when & where you need it Not held locally No ILL from electronic versions held elsewhere High per-use fees from the publisher

Library Community Response:  SPARC Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition  <http://www.arl.org/sparc/> Membership organization that leverages libraries’ strengths & resources Began by encouraging the development of low-cost, high-quality alternatives to high-priced commercial journals in STM Now focusing on promoting open access Continuing support of dissatisfied editorial boards

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

OPEN-ACCESS JOURNALS

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

YOU CAN HELP CREATE CHANGE BY MANAGING YOUR  COPYRIGHT Authors can: Transfer copyright to open access journals Transfer copyright and retain the right to post the work in an open access repository Retain copyright, including the right to post the work publicly, and grant the publisher a non-exclusive license to publish Post preprints with a corrections file For more information http://www.createchange.org/faculty/issues/controlling.html

AAAS IP PROJECT SEIZING THE MOMENT Conclusions: Present copyright framework is not consistent with the desire to maximize availability of scientific works Changes in copyright law aimed to promote access to scientific works are unlikely to be successful The report calls for scientists to leverage their ownership of copyright to increase control over the dissemination of and access to their works Recommends the use of licenses that maximize their own and others uses http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/projects/epub/

OTHER OBSTACLES Need/desire to publish in prestigious journal Open access journals are relatively new Established journal may require exclusive copyright Tenure committees may not accept free online journals as of sufficient quality Faculty awareness of the overall issues Difficulty of stakeholders to make the transition Finding an economic model that works May cost more during transition phase

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

HELP CREATE CHANGE!