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Barbara Cohen, PhD |
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Senior Editor, Public Library of Science |
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University of Utah |
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7 October 2004 |
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$ 9 billion/year |
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6,000 journal titles |
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740 articles per day (270,000/year) |
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Publishers |
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Commercial: Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Blackwell |
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University Presses: OUP, RUP |
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Societies: IEEE, ASCI |
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A nonprofit organization of scientists
committed to making the world’s scientific and medical literature a public
resource by driving a change in the publishing model to open-access
publishing and generating tools for mining the scientific literature and
for making it comprehensible to the non-specialist |
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www.plos.org |
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"free availability on the public
internet, permitting and users to read, download, copy, distribute, print,
search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for
indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful
purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint
on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this
domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work
and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.” |
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--Budapest Open Access Initiative |
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www.plos.org |
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1. Authors grant right to access and license to
copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make
and distribute derivative works for any responsible purpose, subject only
to proper attribution of authorship and source. |
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2. Complete electronic version of the work is
deposited in a public repository that seeks to enable open access,
unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving. |
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www.plos.org |
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No financial barrier |
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Authors reach largest possible audience |
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Readers (scientists, physicians, educators,
public) have access to and the right to use the entire literature |
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Access to health information as a human right |
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Allows text and data mining and analysis that is
not possible unless full text and data are in one information space |
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The benefits of research are derived principally
from access to research results |
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www.plos.org |
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Still costs money to produce an article: |
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mediate peer-review |
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edit and lay out articles |
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create PDF and HTML versions |
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host them on a fast and robust server |
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deposit them into an open-access archive |
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a Publication charges per published article |
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PLoS Biology/PLoS Medicine: $1,500/accepted
paper |
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Many authors already pay (submission charges,
page charges, color charges) |
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Publication charges are a small fraction of the
cost that has gone into conducting the research |
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Open-access publication of results maximizes
investment in research |
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www.plos.org |
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Most publishers do not support it |
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Not seen as a viable economical model |
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Not seen as the most profitable model |
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Scientists are not pushing hard enough for it |
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Funding agencies and the public are not pushing
hard enough for it |
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Changing the status quo is difficult |
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… but things are changing |
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Pioneering authors and other supporters vote
with their feet and support open-access journals by submitting papers and
serving as editors and reviewers |
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Universities rebel against publishers’ squeeze
(UCSF, Cornell) |
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Open-access summits, sessions, seminars |
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Remember: scientific publishing is a service
industry; scientists need to push for the service they want |
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www.plos.org |
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Support from funding agencies (HHMI, Wellcome
Trust, MPI, DFG, INSERM, CNRS, CAS) |
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Outside analysis by Wellcome Trust: |
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“The current market structure does not
operate in the long-term interests of the research community.” |
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NIH is waking up: |
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“The status quo is not an option.” |
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--Elias
Zerhouni, August 2004 |
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www.plos.org |
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UK Parliamentary enquiry: |
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The House of Commons Science and Technology
Committee recommended that all UK higher education institutions establish
electronic repositories where their published output can be stored and
read, free of charge. |
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It has also recommended encouraging further
experimentation with OA models as one radical long term solution to help
improve access to scientific, technical, and medical journals. |
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EU Parliamentary enquiry under way |
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Appropriations Committee within the US
House of Representatives |
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Some publishers experiment with open-access
(p.e. PNAS, Development, NAR, Nature, Springer) |
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Other publishers allow free access to more of
their content (Nature’s Malaria special) |
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Elsevier allows personal and institutional
archiving (not PDF, not deposition in public repository or wider
dissemination ) |
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Cell Press will make archive free |
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www.plos.org |
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2003 |
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open access editorials and cover page articles
in a few newspapers (NYT, Washington Post) |
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Harold Varmus and Ira Mellman on Charlie Rose |
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2004 |
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PLoS founders win Wired Rave Award |
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Patient advocacy groups start advocating |
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Open access coverage in news media around the
world |
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Medicine message resonates with pubic |
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www.plos.org |
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Appropriations Committee in the House
recommended that from 2005 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide
free public access via PubMed Central to accepted articles reporting
NIH-funded research, at most six months after publication. |
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Furthermore, if NIH funds were used to pay any
costs associated with publication, then access would have to be
immediate. |
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If passed by both houses of Congress, the
NIH would be required to indicate by December 1, 2004 how it would
implement the policy. |
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In the meantime… |
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NIH is holding hearings with various
stakeholders |
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the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts published
a draft policy statement in September for public comment. This draft
presents a description of the agency's position and planned actions in the
area of public access and is now open for online comments. In December, NIH will report to Congress
on its consultations and proposed next steps |
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Alliance for Taxpayer Access: http://www.taxpayeraccess.org |
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Open letters from publishers, some saying they
won’t be able to survive (including FASEB and many other societies) |
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Open letter from 25 Nobel Laureates supporting
bill and expressing commitment to open access |
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August 26, 2004
Dear Members of Congress:
As scientists and Nobel laureates, we are writing today to express our
strong support for the House Appropriations Committee's recent direction to
NIH to develop an open, taxpayer access policy requiring that a complete
electronic text of any manuscript reporting work supported by NIH grants or
contracts be supplied to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed
Central. We believe the time is now for all Members of Congress
to support this enlightened policy…
… As the undersigned Nobel Laureates, we are committed to open
access. We ask Congress and NIH to ensure that all taxpayers get
their money's worth. Our investment in scientific research is not
well served by a process that limits taxpayer access instead of expanding
it. We specifically ask you to support the House Appropriations
Committee language as well as NIH leadership in adopting this long overdue
reform.
Peter Agre, Chemistry, 2003
Sidney Altman, Chemistry, 1989
Paul Berg, Chemistry, 1980
Michael Bishop, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
Baruch Blumberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1976
Gunter Blobel, Physiology or Medicine,
1999
Paul Boyer, Chemistry, 1997
Sydney Brenner, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988
Edmond Fischer, Physiology or Medicine, 1992
Paul Greengard, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Leland Hartwell, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
Robert Horvitz, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
Eric Kandel, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Arthur Kornberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
Roderick MacKinnon, Chemistry,
2003
Kary Mullis, Chemistry, 1993
Ferid Murad, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
Joseph Murray, Physiology or Medicine, 1990
Marshall Nirenberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Stanley Prusiner, Physiology or Medicine,
1997
Richard Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
Hamilton Smith, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
Harold Varmus, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
James Watson, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 |
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Ensure an open access home for every paper worth
publishing |
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Establish top-tier journals in biology and
medicine to demonstrate that OAP can work at the top level (example and
serious competitors) |
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Support existing journals who want to adopt OAP |
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Where necessary, start new journals to serve
individual communities and to demonstrate the feasibility of open access
(PLoS Community journals and PLoS Reports) |
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Develop ways to make the scientific literature
more useful to scientists and the public |
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Serve a particular community |
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Run mainly by Academic Editors |
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Will demonstrate that publication charges can
support a “typical” journal |
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PLoS will launch at least 3 of these over the
next 12 months |
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Areas: no open-access alternative in sight,
community has approached us |
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www.plos.org |
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Serve specialist communities |
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Make worthy but in isolation not widely exciting
results broadly available |
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Research that is currently published in
specialist journals with limited distribution (or not at all) and would be
much more useful when fully searchable and available for systematic
reviews/meta-analyses |
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Examples: genetic association studies, clinical
trials with negative results |
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Involves active scientists in editorial decision
making |
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Professional and academic editors work together
throughout the reviewing process |
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Fair, efficient, transparent decisions |
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www.plos.org |
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Scope: all areas of basic and applied biology |
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Top quality papers |
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those of greatest interest to a specific
community (and as such to a wider audience) |
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interdisciplinary advances |
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Context |
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Primers |
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Synopses |
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Unsolved Mysteries |
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Community Pages |
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Submissions keep going up |
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Regular coverage in other journals and popular
press |
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User statistics look good, impact factor soon |
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So far so good… BUT the journal is a means to a
larger goal a we need to be more than just another top journal |
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There is no more excuse! |
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Open access |
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High quality |
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Modern |
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International |
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Broad (focus on human studies) |
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No drug advertisements |
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Research and interpretation |
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Audience: |
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Researchers |
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Physicians |
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Health policy makers |
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Medical educators and students |
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Health care providers |
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anywhere around the world |
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Patients and their families |
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An open-access alternative to the existing
general medical journals |
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-- and more |
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Significant advances in all disciplines,
including epidemiology and public health |
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Important steps from basic understanding of
human health and disease to definitive evidence and practical
implementation |
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Original research, expert commentary, discussion
in the context of global health |
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Rigorous peer-review, rapid publication online
and in print |
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In PubMed and PubMedCentral from day 1 |
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www.plosmedicine.org |
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Authors from five continents |
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Research on HIV/AIDS, malaria, celiac disease,
emphysema, global burden of disease |
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Debate on routine screening for domestic
violence |
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Julie Gerberding (CDC) on anti-HIV initiatives |
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Palliative Care in Africa and the Caribbean |
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Essay on the future of surgical research |
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Online functionality: movies, quiz, poll,
e-letters |
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www.plosmedicine.org |
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Submit your best work to PLoS Medicine (or send
a presubmission enquiry) |
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Tell your colleagues about open access and PLoS
Medicine |
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Sign up for updates and e-TOCs |
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Download materials from our website and
distribute them |
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Write to us at medicine@plos.org |
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Invite us to talk at your institution or
conference |
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Tell us about research by others that you think
is suitable for PLoS Medicine |
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Share your ideas and help us create a journal
that will serve your community |
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www.plosmedicine.org |
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Notes