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Fertilization, Early Pregnancy and Its Disorders
The progress of labor is measured by evaluating dilatation of the cervix and descent of the presenting part as a function of time. When an abnormality is diagnosed, the cause is identified and the appropriate treatment initiated.
a. What is the genetic risk? (maternal age, abnormal MSAFP screening, folate administration for prior NTD)
b. What is the risk for preterm birth? (BV screening, history of preterm birth)
c. What is the risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension? (history)
d. What is the risk for IUGR? (past history, small uterine size for dates)
e. What is the risk for blood group isoimmunization? (Rhogam for Rh- women NOT previously sensitized)
a. List at least five conditions identified by medical history that results in a high-risk pregnancy.
b. List at least six conditions found during physical examination of a pregnant woman that denotes a high-risk pregnancy.
Prolactin: Physiological and Pathologic Associations
Normal mammary development depends on a critical interplay of appropriate fat deposition, vascular supply, and hormone interactions. Estrogen stimulation of ductal development and progesterone induced development of alveolar growth and the modulating activities of estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone, insulin, cortisol, thyroid and parathyroid hormone with prolactin result in a functional gland. Lactation postpartum occurs when the inhibitory activity of progesterone is reduced through its more rapid clearance compared to prolactin.