Table of Contents
I. Significance of Fatty Acid Metabolism
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Overview
Energy
Intermediates in Synthesis
Diseases
II. Acetyl CoA -- The Center of Lipid Metabolism
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Overview of Acetyl CoA Metabolism
Precursors of Acetyl CoA
Products of Acetyl CoA Metabolism
Structure of Acetyl CoA
Function of CoA
III. General Features of Fatty Acid Structure
-
Overview
Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
Classification of Fatty Acids
IV. Nomenclature
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Systems
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Trivial Names
IUPAC
Two Abbreviation Systems
Greek Letters are Used in Two Ways
Summary of the Four Common Systems
V. De novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids
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Overview
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Tissue locations
Reaction sum
Enzymes and Isolated Reactions
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Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Activities of FA Synthase
Characteristics of Fatty Acyl Synthase
Acetyl Groups and Reducing Equivalents
VI. Modification of Dietary and Endogenous Fatty Acids
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Overview
Elongation
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Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Elongation, a Minor Pathway
Desaturation
-
The Overall Reaction
Specificity
VII. Mobilization and Transport of Adipose Fatty Acid
-
Overview
Storage in adipocytes as triacylglycerol
Adipocytes release nonesterified fatty acids.
VIII. Fatty Acid Activation and Transport into the
Mitochondria
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Overview
Activation
Transport
Transport and Regeneration
IX. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation
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Overview
Four enzymes and reactions
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Dehydrogenation
Hydration
2nd dehydrogenation
Thiolytic cleavage
Complete beta-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA
Additional Enzymes
-
Enoyl CoA
trans- vs cis
Propionyl CoA
Summary
X. Synthesis and Utilization of Ketone Bodies
-
Overview
Synthesis from acetyl CoA
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Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Acetoacetate
Acetone
Extrahepatic tissues
XI. Overall Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism
-
Overview
-
Synthesis
Oxidation